Nucleic acids and protein synthesis

What you'll learn

• describe the structure of nucleotides, including ATP
• describe briefly the structures of the bases found in DNA and RNA (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil)
• describe the structure of DNA
• describe the structure of RNA, using messenger RNA as an example
• describe the semi-conservative replication of DNA
• explain how the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is coded for by a sequence of nucleotides in DNA (a gene)
• describe the principle of the universal genetic code in which DNA bases code for amino acids plus start and stop signals
• explain the roles of DNA and RNA in the transcription and translation stages of protein synthesis
• explain the modification of RNA after transcription and the nature of introns and exons
• explain the nature, types and effects of gene mutations

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