Analytical chemistry

What you'll learn

• Explain and use the term ‘Rf value’ in thin-layer chromatography.
• Explain and use retention time in gas–liquid chromatography, and interpret gas–liquid chromatograms to find the percentage composition of a mixture.
• Analyse a carbon-13 NMR spectrum of a simple molecule to deduce the different environments of the carbon atoms present and the possible structures for the molecule.
• Predict the number of peaks in a carbon-13 NMR spectrum for a given molecule.
• Analyse and interpret a proton NMR spectrum of a simple molecule to deduce the different types of proton present, the relative numbers of each type of proton present, the number of non-equivalent protons adjacent to a given proton, and the possible structures for the molecule.
• Predict the chemical shifts (δ) and splitting patterns of the signals in an NMR spectrum, given the molecule.
• Describe the use of tetramethylsilane, TMS, as the standard for chemical shift measurements, and the need for deuterated solvents, e.g. CDCl3, in obtaining an NMR spectrum.
• Describe the identification of O─H and N─H protons by proton exchange using D2O.

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